|
 
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| BRIEF REPORT |
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| Year : 2020 | Volume
: 32
| Issue : 3 | Page : 285-289 |
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Variability in imaging findings in choroidal nevus using multicolor imaging vis-à-vis color fundus photography
Ramesh Venkatesh, Arpitha Pereira, Sajjan Sangai, Kushagra Jain, Ishank Gupta, Aditya Aseem, Vivek Singh, Naresh Kumar Yadav
Department of Retina and Vitreous, Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| Date of Submission | 12-Dec-2019 |
| Date of Decision | 26-Jan-2020 |
| Date of Acceptance | 29-Jan-2020 |
| Date of Web Publication | 04-Jul-2020 |
Correspondence Address:
Ramesh Venkatesh
Department of Retina and Vitreous, Narayana Nethralaya, #121/C, Chord Road, 1st R Block, Rajaji Nagar, Bengaluru - 560 080, Karnataka
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | 5 |
DOI: 10.4103/JOCO.JOCO_15_20
Purpose: To describe the multicolor imaging (MCI) features in a series of patients diagnosed with a choroidal nevus and compare it vis-à-vis color fundus photography (CFP) in identifying the lesion.
Methods: In this retrospective, descriptive case series at a tertiary referral center in South India, all patients diagnosed with the choroidal nevus underwent CFP, optical coherence tomography, MCI, and infrared reflectance (IR) imaging.
Results: In this study, we found that on MCI, the choroidal nevus could be identified in only six of the 12 eyes. The lesions were seen as an area of hyperreflectance on IR image and orange-colored lesion on multicolor image. In one eye, there was a mixed pattern of hyper and hyporeflectance on IR imaging. The remaining five eyes with choroidal nevus lesions were not identified on MCI.
Conclusion: The variable features of the choroidal nevus on MCI are most likely due to the variable melanin content within the nevus cells. Further studies are needed to validate these findings.
Keywords: Choroidal nevus, Color fundus, Infrared reflectance, Melanin, Multicolor imaging
How to cite this article:
Venkatesh R, Pereira A, Sangai S, Jain K, Gupta I, Aseem A, Singh V, Yadav NK. Variability in imaging findings in choroidal nevus using multicolor imaging vis-à-vis color fundus photography. J Curr Ophthalmol 2020;32:285-9 |
How to cite this URL:
Venkatesh R, Pereira A, Sangai S, Jain K, Gupta I, Aseem A, Singh V, Yadav NK. Variability in imaging findings in choroidal nevus using multicolor imaging vis-à-vis color fundus photography. J Curr Ophthalmol [serial online] 2020 [cited 2023 Apr 2];32:285-9. Available from: http://www.jcurrophthalmol.org/text.asp?2020/32/3/285/288938 |
| Introduction | |  |
A choroidal nevus is a brown or tan colored mass, having a round or oval configuration, located deep below the retinal pigment epithelium. The estimated prevalence of choroidal nevi in the Indian population is much lower (0.5%) when compared to the Chinese (2.9%) and Caucasian (6.5%) population.[1],[2],[3] This is possibly due to the increased fundus pigmentation seen in the Indian eyes. Histology of the choroidal nevus suggests that it is a benign lesion. However, malignant transformation can occur. This necessitates regular follow-up to pick up changes in the morphology of the lesion and the occurrence of subretinal fluid (SRF).[4] Thus, proper documentation of choroidal nevi is necessary. Color fundus photography (CFP) using conventional white flashlight has been used to document choroidal nevi. Multicolor scanning laser imaging (MI) is a newly introduced innovative, non-invasive, imaging modality developed for Spectralis SD-optical coherence tomography (OCT) (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). It has been widely used to describe the findings in various retinal and choroidal pathologies.[5] In MI, three reflectance images of the retina are simultaneously acquired using three individual lasers, thereby allowing the analysis of changes at various levels within the retina and the choroid. The information from these three images is integrated to form a composite multicolor image.[6] There are very few reports available in the literature comparing the presentation of the choroidal nevus between MI and conventional CFP.[7],[8] Muftuoglu et al. also reported the ability of MI compared to CFP in identifying choroidal nevi. However, the size of the choroidal nevus was estimated to be 33% lower than that measured on CFP. 8 We found a few of our initial cases seen in the out-patient department to show the variable presentation of a choroidal nevus lesion on MI which was quite different to that reported in the literature. Hence, we decided to study the MI features in conjunction with CFP and OCT in the choroidal nevus.
| Methods | | |
In this retrospective case series, we included patients of the choroidal nevus who were seen in the retina clinic of our tertiary eye care hospital. Clinically, choroidal nevus was identified as a brown or tan colored mass having a round or oval configuration located deep below the retinal pigment epithelium. All the required permissions for the review of patients' charts and images and publication were obtained from the hospital's Institutional Review Board. Patients having CFP, MI, infrared reflectance (IR), and OCT images, all obtained on the same day were included in the study. The clinical and imaging features of the patients are shown in [Table 1]. Color fundus photograph was taken with Topcon TRC-50Dx (Topcon medical systems, Oakland, NJ, USA). The number of choroidal nevi lesions and the presence of pigmentation were noted on CFP. All patients had OCT along with enhanced-depth imaging and MI performed by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope using a Heidelberg Spectralis HRA-OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Dossenheim, Germany). OCT data included the visibility of choroidal nevus, type of choroidal nevus, presence of underlying shadowing, status of the overlying RPE, and presence of SRF or drusen. The lesion on OCT was classified according to that described by Jonna andDaniels[9] MI was done using the 30° scanning protocol. The patterns of the lesion on MI were described as dark areas (hypo) or white areas (hyper). The color of the lesion varied from orange to mixed areas of green and orange on MI. Patients having poor quality of images, not allowing the proper description of the lesions, and eyes that had far peripheral lesions that were only partially visible in any imaging modalities were excluded from the study. All the consent forms for collecting and publishing the patient data have been obtained from the patients. | Table 1: Clinical and imaging features of patients with the choroidal nevus
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| Results | | |
Twelve eyes of 11 patients with a clinical diagnosis of the choroidal nevus were included in the study. There were seven males and four females in the study. The mean age of the patients was 63.2 years. Unilateral involvement was seen in ten patients, whereas 1 patient had bilateral involvement. The choroidal nevus appeared pigmented on the CFP. The total number of lesions noted in the study was 16 (one per eye in 10 cases and 3 each in both eyes in 1 case).
Further, the OCT patterns and characteristics of the nevi lesions are mentioned in [Table 1]. The composite multicolor image showed the choroidal nevus lesion in only 6 (50%) eyes as a salmon (orange) colored area when compared to the 12 eyes with choroidal nevi lesions identified on CFP. In these six eyes, the choroidal nevi lesions were clearly identified on the IR image as hyperreflective (white areas) corresponding to the location of the choroidal nevi [Figure 1]. In one eye, there was a mixture of dark and white areas within the lesion on the IR image [Figure 2]. In the remaining 5 eyes, the lesions were not identified on IR images [Figure 3]. On the blue and green reflectance images, choroidal nevi were not picked up in any patient. | Figure 1: Multimodal imaging of a patient with choroidal nevus with choroidal neovascular membrane in the right eye (patient 8): (a) Color fundus image of the right eye showing a round pigmented lesion inferior to the fovea with the area of retinal pigment epithelial atrophy involving the fovea. (b) The optical coherence tomography scan passing through the lesion identifies the choroidal nevus as a hyperreflective lesion with posterior shadowing. (c) The choroidal nevus is seen as a salmon orange-colored lesion inferior to the fovea with bright yellow-orange area at the foveal center. (d) The lesion is identified on infrared reflectance image as a white patch of hyperreflectance corresponding to the choroidal nevus. (e) On the green reflectance image, the nevus is not visualized. (f) On the blue reflectance image, the lesion is not visualized. The patch of retinal pigment epithelium atrophy is also seen as bright white area at the fovea on the infrared and green reflectance images
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 | Figure 2: Mixed reflectance on multicolor imaging in a patient with choroidal nevus in the right eye (patient 1):(a) Right eye color fundus photograph showing the pigmented choroidal nevus lesion temporal to the optic nerve head. (b) Optical coherence tomography scan passing through the lesion showing hyperreflective nevus cells with shadowing along with normal choroidal thickening. (c) The choroidal nevus is seen as a mild orangish ill-defined lesion on multicolor image. (d) The lesion is as an ill-defined peripapillary area with variable reflectance on the infrared reflectance image. (e) On the green reflectance image, the lesion is not visualized. (f) Blue reflectance image does not show the choroidal nevus lesion
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 | Figure 3: Multimodal imaging features in a patient with choroidal nevus (patient 6):(a) Left eye color fundus photograph showing the pigmented choroidal nevus lesion along the superotemporal arcade with overlying multiple yellow drusen-like deposits. (b) Optical coherence tomography scan passing through the lesion showing hyperreflective nevus cells with shadowing along with overlying irregular retinal pigment epithelium. (c) Choroidal nevus is not well-identified on the composite multicolor image. Drusen-like deposits are prominently visible on the multicolor image. (d) On the infrared reflectance image, the choroidal nevus is not visualized. The drusens are visualized as bright hyperreflective spots. (e) On the green reflectance image, the choroidal nevus is not visualized. The drusens are visualized as bright hyperreflective spots. (f) On the blue reflectance image, the choroidal nevus and the drusens are not visualized
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| Discussion | | |
In this study, we compared the imaging characteristics of choroidal nevi on MI vis-à-vis CFP. The results of our study highlight the variable presentations of choroidal nevi on MI when compared to CFP. In this study, we have also described the various patterns of choroidal nevus lesions seen on OCT.
In the blue and green reflectance images, the choroidal nevus lesions were not visible. This is due to the poor penetration and increased absorption of the blue and green lasers by the melanin in retinal pigment epithelium. As a result, these lights are unable to reach the underlying choroidal nevus cells. The poor absorption of the infrared wavelength light by the melanin allows the visualization of structures at the level of the outer retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and choroid. Thus, the higher wavelength infrared light is useful in depicting and characterizing the choroidal nevus lesion.[6]
In our case series, the IR images were able to pick up the choroidal nevus as a white hyperreflective area in 6 of the 12 eyes documented on CFP. They were seen on composite multicolor images as salmon (orange) colored lesions. In one eye, the IR image showed mixed areas of hyper and hyporeflectance within the lesion. Of the remaining seven eyes, the lesions were not picked on the IR images. No uniform correlation was noted between the type of OCT pattern of the choroidal nevus lesion, the amount of pigmentation of nevus on CFP, and MI imaging features in the study.
This difference in the imaging characteristics could be explained on the basis of the melanin content within the nevus cells. Literature on the histology of choroidal nevus is relatively sparse. Choroidal nevus is located at varying depths within the choroid packed with densely pigmented nevi cells or proliferation of benign melanocytes with the presence of overlying drusen and mild disruption of the photoreceptors or a combination of both.[10],[11] The absorption spectrum of melanin is maximum for the visible light (low wavelength) while the light of high wavelength (infrared spectrum) has the least absorption.[12] Thus, nevi containing higher melanin have reduced absorption and increased reflectance of the incident infrared light compared to the surrounding normal retina. As a result, the lesion is seen as an area of hyperreflectance (white area) on IR image and orange color on multicolor image. On the other hand, nevi containing increased melanocytes with normal melanin content show no visible change on IR and multicolor images compared to the surrounding retina. Saurabh et al. have reported a case of choroidal nevus showing increased hyperreflectance on MI and increased lesion size compared to CFP. 7 This could be as a result of the choroidal nevus having a higher melanin content compared to the surrounding normal retina. Muftuoglu et al.have reported that MI underestimates the size of choroidal lesion by 33% when compared with CFP. 8 This could possibly be due to the lower melanin content within these lesions, thereby not allowing the infrared wavelength light to pick up the true extent of the lesion. The differing melanin content in the choroidal nevus is also responsible for the different patterns seen in enhanced-depth imaging of OCT.[9]
The major limitation of this study is the small sample size. Furthermore, the findings in this study are limited to Indian ethnicity with pigmented fundus and might not be generalizable to other ethnicities. The results of our study provide an opportunity to look at the MI features in a larger series of patients with choroidal nevus. The type of MI feature in choroidal nevus could possibly be used in the near future as a predictor of progression to malignancy.
In conclusion, the melanin content in a choroidal nevus determines its imaging features on MI. Due to the variable presentation of the choroidal nevus lesion on MI, currently, CFP seems to be a better imaging modality for disease identification and progression. Future studies correlating the type of MI feature with progression to malignancy in choroidal nevus could be useful.
Declaration of patient consent
The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
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| 4. | Singh AD, Kalyani P, Topham A. Estimating the risk of malignant transformation of a choroidal nevus. Ophthalmology 2005;112:1784-9. |
| 5. | Feng HL, Sharma S, Stinnett S, Asrani S, Mruthyunjaya P. Identification of posterior segment pathology with en face retinal imaging using multicolor confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Retina 2019;39:972-9. |
| 6. | Tan AC, Fleckenstein M, Schmitz-Valckenberg S, Holz FG. Clinical application of multicolor imaging technology. Ophthalmologica 2016;236:8-18. |
| 7. | Saurabh K, Roy R, Sinharoy S, Shah D, Nangia P. Measurement of size of pigmented choroidal nevus: Superiority of multicolor imaging compared to conventional color fundus photography. Indian J Ophthalmol 2018;66:1501-3. [ PUBMED] [Full text] |
| 8. | Muftuoglu IK, Gaber R, Bartsch DU, Meshi A, Goldbaum M, Freeman WR. Comparison of conventional color fundus photography and multicolor imaging in choroidal or retinal lesions. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018;256:643-9. |
| 9. | Jonna G, Daniels AB. Enhanced depth imaging OCT of ultrasonographically flat choroidal nevi demonstrates 5 distinct patterns. Ophthalmol Retina 2019;3:270-7. |
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| 12. | Song W, Zhang L, Ness S, Yi J. Wavelength-dependent optical properties of melanosomes in retinal pigmented epithelium and their changes with melanin bleaching: A numerical study. Biomed Opt Express 2017;8:3966-80. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
[Table 1]
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